Babesia Subtilisin

ABSTRACT

Provided is an isolated and purified protein produced by a naturally occurring  Babesia  sp. comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 and an isolated and purified nucleic acid encoding the above protein. Additionally provided is an isolated and purified nucleic acid comprising at least 20 nucleotides having a sequence 100% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 or its complement. Further provided is an antibody preparation comprising an antibody that specifically binds to the above protein. Also provided are methods of diagnosing a  Babesia  sp. infection in a mammal, methods of determining whether a blood preparation is contaminated with a  Babesia  sp., methods of determining whether a blood preparation is contaminated with a  Babesia  sp., and methods of treating a mammal infected with a  Babesia  sp., the method comprising inhibiting the production or activity of the protein comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 by the  Babesia  sp. in the mammal. Additionally provided are methods of screening a compound for treating an infection by a  Babesia  sp.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/210,900 filed Sep. 15, 2008 which claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/993,787 filed Sep. 14, 2007, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to Apicomplexan erythrocyte parasites. More specifically, the invention is directed to a Babesia protease that is important in erythrocyte invasion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Babesiosis, caused by infection with intra-erythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia, is one of the most common infections of free living animals worldwide and is gaining increasing interest as an emerging zoonosis (a disease communicable from animals to humans). Babesia are transmitted by their tick vectors during the taking of a blood meal from the vertebrate host. Babesiosis has long been recognized as an economically important disease of cattle, but only in the last 30 years has Babesia been recognized as an important pathogen in man. Human babesiosis is caused by one of several Babesial species that have distinct geographical distributions based on the presence of competent hosts. In North America, babesiosis is caused predominantly by Babesia microti, a rodent borne parasite, and also occasionally by two newly recognized species, WA1 and MO-1. In Europe, human babesiosis is considerably rarer but more lethal, and is caused by the bovine pathogen B. divergens. The spectrum of disease is broad, ranging from an apparently silent infection to a fulminant, malaria-like disease which can be fatal. When present, symptoms typically are non-specific (fever, headache and myalgia). A number of factors have contributed to the “emergence” of human babesiosis, including increased awareness among physicians, changing ecology, and an increased population of immuno-compromised individuals susceptible to infection. Since 1980, over 500 cases of human infections have been reported.

Parasites that live in red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes) have rather ingenious ways of gaining entry to these cells. The best studied is Plasmodium spp, the etiological agent of malaria. Like Plasmodium, Babesia merozoites enter RBCs using an active invasion process that is mediated by multiple receptor-ligand interactions. The various ‘steps’ in the invasion process in both Plasmodium and Babesia have been illustrated using light and electron microscopy and microcinematography. They are identical in both apicomplexans, except for the fact that soon after entry of the Babesia merozoite, the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane disappears. The invasion, growth and maturation of both Plasmodium and Babesia within the human erythrocyte is accompanied by both morphological and biochemical changes in the RBC plasma membrane, which can be attributed to the activity of specific, parasite derived factors. Parasite derived proteases are of particular importance as they play a pivotal role in both the entry and the exit of the parasite by processing both parasite adhesins and host erythrocyte proteins. Serine protease inhibitors can block invasion by Plasmodium and Babesia divergens. It is therefore hypothesized that serine proteases function during B. divergens merozoite invasion, much like they do in P. falciparum, in two potential ways: the proteolysis of RBC surface and skeletal proteins and the processing of parasite proteins. Recently the “sheddase” that is responsible for the proteolytic shedding of P. falciparum surface proteins during invasion was identified as a membrane bound subtilisin-like protease called PfSUB2.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure is based in part on the discovery of a subtilisin produced by Babesia spp. that is important in erythrocyte invasion.

In one embodiment, disclosed herein is an isolated and purified protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp. comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 wherein the Babesia sp. is selected from the group consisting of B. divergens, B. microti, WA1 and MO-1.

In another embodiment, the isolated and purified protein comprises an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:1. or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:1. In another embodiment the isolated and purified protein consists of an amino acid sequence 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:1.

In one embodiment the protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp. comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 is BdSUB-1.

In another embodiment, an isolated and purified nucleic acid encoding a protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp. is provided wherein the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.

In another embodiment, the isolated and purified nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:2., at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:2. In another embodiment, the isolated and purified nucleic acid consists of a nucleotide sequence 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.

In another embodiment, the isolated and purified nucleic acid is provided in a vector capable of transfection into a cell. The cell can be, but is not limited to, a Babesia sp. or a bacterium.

In another embodiment, an isolated and purified nucleic acid is provided comprising at least 20 nucleotides having a sequence 100% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 or its complement.

In yet another embodiment, an antibody preparation is provided comprising an antibody that specifically binds to the protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp., wherein the antibody preparation does not comprise an antibody that binds to any protein made by a naturally occurring P. falciparum. In one embodiment, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

In one embodiment, a method of diagnosing a Babesia sp. infection in a mammal is provided, the method comprising determining whether the protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp. is present in the blood of the mammal. In another embodiment, the mammal is a human. In yet another embodiment, the Babesia sp. is selected from the group consisting of B. divergens, B. microti, WA1 and MO-1.

In another embodiment, a method of diagnosing a Babesia sp. infection in a mammal is provided, the method comprising determining whether a nucleic acid encoding a protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp. comprising a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 is present in the blood of the mammal.

In another embodiment, a method of determining whether a blood preparation is contaminated with a Babesia sp. is provided, the method comprising determining whether the protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp (SEQ ID NO:1) or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 is present in the blood preparation. In certain embodiment, the blood preparation is donated to a blood bank or from a patient being tested for infection by a Babesia sp.

In one embodiment, a method of treating a mammal infected with a Babesia sp. is provided, the method comprising inhibiting the production or activity of the protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp (SEQ ID NO:1) by the Babesia sp. in the mammal. In another embodiment, the protein is BdSUB-1.

In another embodiment of the method, the mammal is treated with an antibody that specifically binds to the protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp (SEQ ID NO:1). In another embodiment, the mammal is treated with at least one protease inhibitor that inhibits the activity of the protein.

In another embodiment, the mammal is treated with a nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is an aptamer, an antisense molecule, a ribozyme, or an RNAi molecule that specifically inhibits production of the protein by the Babesia sp.

In yet another embodiment, a method of screening a compound for treating an infection by a Babesia sp. is provided, the method comprising determining whether the compound inhibits production or activity of the protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp (SEQ ID NO:1) by the Babesia sp. In another embodiment, the Babesia sp. is selected from the group consisting of B. divergens, B. microti, WA1 and MO-1. In another embodiment, the method comprises determining whether the compound inhibits activity of the protein. In another embodiment, the inhibition of activity of the protein is determined by measuring protease activity of the protein in the presence and in the absence of the compound. In another embodiment, the inhibition of activity of the protein is determined by determining whether the compound binds to the protein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A depicts the chemical structure of FP-biotin (10-(fluoroethoxyphosphinyl)-N-(biotinamidopentyl)decanamide). FIG. 1B depicts the identification of serine proteases present in B. divergens extracts. Lane 1: FP-biotin identifies 2 major distinct serine proteases in B. divergens, of approximately 48 and 75 kDa. Lane 2: Preheated lysate control. Positions of molecular mass standards (in kDa) are shown on the left.

FIG. 2 depicts the binding of antiserum to the calalytic region of Plasmodium falciparum subtilisin (PfSUB1m) to B. divergens proteins. In FIG. 2A, parasite cultures were biosynthetically radiolabeled with [³⁵S] methionine/cysteine and then detergent-solubilized and analyzed by immunoprecipitation. The immunoprecipitation with anti-PfSUB1 m identified a 75 kDa (p75) protein and a 48 kDa (p48) protein. FIG. 2B depicts a western-blot analysis of B. divergens saponin lysates subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions on an 8% gel followed by probing with anti-PfSUB1m antibodies. The antibodies reacted with the dominant p48 band and also with p75 and p55. Positions of molecular mass standards (in kDa) are shown on the left.

FIG. 3 depicts the cloning and characterization of the bdsub-1 (Babesia divergens subtilisin) gene and primary structure of BdSUB-1. The Bd-1 clone identified in the B. divergens cDNA expression library and the bdsub-1 gene contain the complete ORF (1701 bp). FIG. 3A depicts the bdsub-1 gene. Non-coding regions of the gene are shown in black and coding regions in a shaded box. The structural features of the zymogen BdSUB-1 subtilisin is represented in a shaded bar that includes a signal peptide in black, and a grey region corresponding to the conservative residues into the catalytic domain of BdSUB-1. FIG. 3B depicts the cloned of the bdsub-1 gene. The gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers derived from Bd-1 clone. The BdSub-1-F1 forward primer was localized at 5′ end upstream before the initial ATG codon and the BdSub-1R1 reverse primer at 3′ end upstream of the polyA tail. RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase PCR) carried out using the same primers and B. divergens RNA yielded a single 1716 by fragment in both reactions. The full length Bdsub-1-gDNA and cDNA were cloned into a Topo® TA vector and sequenced. Comparison of genomic and RT-PCR products confirmed the absence of introns in the Bdsub-1 gene. Lane 1:30 ng of gDNA. Lane 2: 20 ng of gDNA. Lane 3: 10 ng of gDNA. Lane 4: 1 μg of B. divergens total RNA.

FIG. 4 depicts a sequence comparison between apicomplexan subtilisin-1 sequences. Amino acid sequence alignment of the catalytic domains of subtilisins NC-p65 (GenBank Accession Number AAF04257), PfSUB1 (GenBank Accession Number CAA05261), TgSUB-1 (GenBank Accession Number AY043483), BdSUB-1 (GenBank Accession Number DQ517294) using the CLUSTAL W method. Residue numbering for each sequence is shown on the right. Positions of identity are indicated by an asterisk and similarity by a dot. Catalytic triad aspartic acid, histidine and serine residues, and oxyanion hole asparagines residue are in bold.

FIG. 5 depicts genomic B. divergens DNA analyzed by high stringency Southern-blot using the 3′ region of bdsub-1 gene as probe. B. divergens gDNA was digested with a variety of restriction enzymes: Xho I and Pst I that do not digest within the gene and Sal I, Nde I, Hind III and Bgl II that digest within the gene. Ten micrograms of each digest was electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel and transferred to nylon membrane. Following overnight hybridization, the blot was washed under high stringency conditions at 65° C. The results indicate a single copy gene that contains no introns. Lane 1: Undigested gDNA. Lane 2: XhoI-digested gDNA. Lane 3: SalI-digested gDNA. Lane 4: PstI-digested gDNA. Lane 5: NdeI-digested gDNA. Lane 6: HindIII-digested gDNA. Lane 7: BglII digested gDNA.

FIG. 6 depicts a western blot showing that anti-BdSUB 1 antiserum recognizes a subtilisin in the Babesia parasites. A sonicate of B. divergens free merozoites was fractionated by SDS-PAGE, transferred by electroblotting onto PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride membrane) and probed with anti-BdSUB 1m antibodies. Lane 1: Negative control using a preimmune rabbit sera. Lane 2: A band of ˜48 kDa was clearly identified by the anti-BdSUB 1m antibodies, another band of ˜75 kDa appears with less intensity. Molecular mass markers are shown on the left.

FIG. 7 depicts a micrograph of immunostained merozoites showing that BdSUB-1 localizes to dense granules in the apical region of free B. divergens merozoites. Thin sections of resin embedded free merozoites were probed with anti-PFSUB1m antibodies, and then bound antibodies were detected using a gold-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody. The nucleus is indicated by (N) and dense granules (D) are marked with arrows. Scale bar is 100 nm.

FIG. 8 depicts a western blot showing an analysis of BdSUB-1 processing in parasites in the presence of brefeldin A. Parasites were treated with 40 μg/ml of BFA in methanol (Lane 1) or methanol only (Lane 2) for 1 hour at 37° C. Samples were analyzed by Western-blot using the PfSUB1m antibodies. Positions of molecular weight markers are shown. BFA blocked the secretory transport of BdSUB-1 from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, resulting in the accumulation of p55.

FIG. 9 depicts antibody-stained B. divergens merozoites (FIGS. 9A and 9B) and a photograph of a western blot (FIG. 9C) showing that purified anti PFSUB1m antibodies inhibit in vitro invasion of the parasite. Preincubation of B. divergens free merozoites with purified PFSUB1m antibodies (100 μg) reduced the efficiency of invasion of erythrocytes by 58%. FIG. 9A depicts Giemsa-stained thin blood smears, showing normal parasite invasion after 8 hours. In FIG. 9B, a high number of free extra-erythrocytic merozoites were visualized in the Giemsa smears of B. divergens cultures treated with anti PFSUB1m IgG, after 8 hours. FIG. 9C depicts that BdSUB 1 is secreted into culture supernatants: Parasites were biosynthetically radiolabeled with [³⁵S] methionine/cysteine for 9 hours, after which the supernatant was analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Lane 1: Preimmune rabbit sera. Lane 2: PFSUB1m antibodies recognize the 48 kDa active protease and a lower molecular weight fragment in the culture supernatant.

FIG. 10A-10E depicts the evaluation of the parasitemia of B. divergens cultures by flow cytometry using the unidimensional YOYO-1 method. Non-infected human RBCs and B. divergens infected human RBCs (from culture) were stained with YOYO-1. Histograms depict the infected (R2) versus uninfected (left peak) cells. The fluorescence intensive from the YOYO-1 positive population in relation with the YOYO-1 negative population was measured over 72 hr, the parasitemia was monitored at time 0 and after 10, 48 and 72 h. FIG. 10A: uninfected human RBCs stained with YOYO-1; FIG. 10B: initial parasitemia of 10% in B. divergens in vitro culture; FIG. 10C: parasitemia of 19.3% after 10 h; FIG. 10D: parasitemia of 55.7% after 48 h; and FIG. 10E: parasitemia of 65% after 72 h. FIG. 10F depicts the correlation between parasitemia assessed by flow cytometry and light microscopy. Sixty random inhibitor-treated or untreated blood samples were checked by flow cytometry using YOYO-1 or counted after staining with Giemsa (500-1000 cells were counted per slide). The line represents linear regression and its statistical parameters are noted. Parasitemia values determined by flow cytometry are represented by (Δ) and by light microscopy are represented by (□).

FIG. 11A depicts the inhibitor effect of 50 mM concentration of TPCK, TLCK, a combination of the two compounds (TPCK/TLCK) and 3,4 DCI on B. divergens host cell invasion and growth. Parasitemia was monitored at time zero (TO) and 2 h after the end of the first life cycle (T10) and for 24, 48 and 72 h. The percentage of parasitemia at time T0, T10, T24, T48 and T72 was determined by flow cytometry. FIG. 11B depicts the inhibitory effect of tmM, 2 mM or 3 mM EGTA on B. divergens host cell invasion and growth in relation to untreated cultures. Also shown is the effect of Ca on EGTA-treated culture parasites. The Ca2+ concentration is the same as the EGTA concentration. Parasitemia was monitored and measured as in FIG. 11A. Each value represents the mean of triplicate samples for each compound±standard deviation. WT=wild type. FIG. 11C-11F depicts the effects of protease inhibitors on decreasing successful RBC invasion by B. divergens. FIG. 11C depicts Giemsa-stained thin blood smears showing normal invasion of parasites in the absence of inhibitors. A high number of free extra-erythrocyte merozoites (indicated by head arrows) were visualized in the Giemsa smears of B. divergens cultures treated with TLCK (FIG. 11D), TPCK (FIG. 11E) or EGTA (FIG. 11F). Arrows indicate infected RBCs.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following definition of terms is provided as a helpful reference for the reader. The terms used in this patent have specific meanings as they related to the present invention. Every effort has been made to use terms according to their ordinary and common meaning. However, where a discrepancy exists between the common ordinary meaning and the following definitions, these definitions supersede common usage.

As used herein, the term “antibody” includes intact antibodies and any antigen binding fragment (i.e., “antigen-binding portion”) or single chain thereof. An “antibody” refers to a glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, or an antigen binding portion thereof. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V_(H)) and a heavy chain constant region. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V_(L)) and a light chain constant region. The V_(H) and V_(L) regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each V_(H) and V_(L) is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.

The terms “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition” as used herein refer to a preparation of antibody molecules of single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody composition displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope. Accordingly, the term “human monoclonal antibody” refers to antibodies displaying a single binding specificity which have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In one embodiment, the human monoclonal antibodies are produced by a hybridoma which includes a B cell obtained from a transgenic non-human animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a human heavy chain transgene and a light chain transgene fused to an immortalized cell.

The term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody (or simply “antibody portion”), as used herein, refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to bind to an antigen (e.g., a bacterial protein or nucleic acid). It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of an intact antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the V_(L), V_(H), C_(L) and C_(H1) domains; (ii) a F(ab')₂ fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the V_(H) and C_(H1) domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the V_(L) and V_(H) domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., Nature 341:544-546, 1989, incorporated by reference for all it contains regarding dAb fragments), which consists of a V_(H) domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR), e.g., V_(H) CDR3. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, V_(L) and V_(H), are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the V_(L) and V_(H) regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883; both of which are incorporated by reference for all they contain regarding scFv antibodies). Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody. Furthermore, the antigen-binding fragments include binding-domain immunoglobulin fusion proteins comprising (i) a binding domain polypeptide (such as a heavy chain variable region, a light chain variable region, or a heavy chain variable region fused to a light chain variable region via a linker peptide) that is fused to an immunoglobulin hinge region polypeptide, (ii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain CH2 constant region fused to the hinge region, and (iii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain CH3 constant region fused to the CH2 constant region. The hinge region is preferably modified by replacing one or more cysteine residues with serine residues so as to prevent dimerization. Such binding-domain immunoglobulin fusion proteins are further disclosed in US 2003/0118592 and US 2003/0133939 (incorporated by reference for all they contain regarding binding-domain immunoglobulin fusion proteins). These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies.

The term “diabodies” refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (V_(H)) connected to a light-chain variable domain (V_(L)) in the same polypeptide chain (V_(H)-V_(L)). By using a linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites. Diabodies are described more fully in, for example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:6444-6448 (1993), all of which are incorporated by reference herein for all they contain regarding diabodies.

An antibody that “specifically binds to” or is “specific for” a particular polypeptide or an epitope on a particular polypeptide is one that binds to that particular polypeptide or epitope on a particular polypeptide or protein without substantially binding to any other polypeptide or polypeptide epitope.

Conservative amino acids substitutions are defined as changed, which although they alter the primary sequence of the protein or peptide, do not normally alter its function. Conservative amino acid substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine and alanine; valine, isoleucine, and leucine; aspartic acid and glutamic acid; asparagine and glutamine; serine and threonine; lysine and arginine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Modifications (which do not normally alter primary sequence) include in vivo, or in vitro chemical derivatization of polypeptides, e.g., acetylation, or carboxylation. Also included are modifications of glycosylation, e.g., those made by modifying the glycosylation patterns of a polypeptide during its synthesis and processing or in further processing steps; e.g. by exposing the polypeptide to enzymes which affect glycosylation, e.g., mammalian glycosylating or deglycosylating enzymes. Also embraced are sequences which have phosphorylated amino acid residues, e.g., phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine, or phosphothreonine.

Also included are polypeptides which have been modified using ordinary molecular biological techniques so as to improve their resistance to proteolytic degradation or to optimize solubility properties. Analogs of such polypeptides include those containing residues other than naturally occurring L-amino acids, e.g., D-amino acids or non-naturally occurring synthetic amino acids. The peptides of the invention are not limited to products of any of the specific exemplary processes listed herein.

In addition to substantially full length polypeptides, biologically active fragments of the polypeptides are within the scope of the present disclosure.

The term “recombinant human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as (a) antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom, (b) antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express the antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, (c) antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and (d) antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies can be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the V_(H) and V_(L) regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline V_(H) and V_(L) sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.

The term “administering” includes routes of administration which allow the protein or nucleic acid composition to perform its intended function of treating Babesia infection. Depending on the route of administration, the composition can be coated with or disposed in a selected material to protect it from natural conditions which may detrimentally affect its ability to perform its intended function. The composition can be administered with other bioactive agents and/or with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The composition can be administered prior to the onset of septic shock or after the onset of septic shock.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein refers to modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection or infusion, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonicity and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Preferably, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion).

The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” of a composition which treats Babesia infections is that amount necessary or sufficient to prevent or treat at least one symptom of Babesia infection. The effective amount can vary depending on such factors as the size and weight of the subject, the type of illnesses, the severity of the symptoms or the particular composition used. One of ordinary skill in the art is able to study the aforementioned factors and make a determination regarding the effective amount of a composition without undue experimentation.

The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes.

The term “identify” refers to nucleic acid or protein sequences which are 100% the same as the reference sequence.

The term “complement,” when used in reference to a nucleic acid sequence refers to the property of double-stranded nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA as well as DNA:RNA duplexes. Each strand is complementary to the other in that the base pairs between them are non-covalently connected via two or three hydrogen bonds. Since there is only one complementary base for any of the bases found in DNA and in RNA, one can reconstruct a complementary strand for any single strand. This is essential for DNA replication. For example, the complementary strand of the DNA sequence “A G T C A T G” is “T C A G T A G”.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure is based in part on the discovery of a protease, BdSUB 1, produced by Babesia spp. BdSUB 1 is important in erythrocyte invasion.

The present inventors have isolated and purified a protein produced by a naturally occurring Babesia sp. comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1. Any such protein would be expected to have subtilisin activity and be important in erythrocyte invasion of the Babesia sp.

The identification of a novel B. divergens gene, Bdsub-1, that encodes a subtilisin-like serine protease, found in the apically situated dense granules, suggests a function during invasion. This is the first molecular characterization of a protease from any Babesia spp. The B. divergens-human RBC invasion model is an accurate reflection of the invasion process in vivo. It also offers several technical advantages over the malaria culture system for studying different aspects of invasion: the high yield of parasites (>70%), the short life cycle of the parasite (8 h) and the higher infectivity and viability of free merozoites that can be obtained in vitro. The development of the B. divergens-human RBC model offers the ability of directly testing parasite invasion of the RBC, using viable merozoites of B. divergens, which is not feasible with P. falciparum. Thus, the study of proteases participating in B. divergens invasion may also advance our understanding of the biology of P. falciparum invasion.

In one embodiment, the protein comprises an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:1. In another embodiment, the amino acid sequence is at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:1. In yet another embodiment, the protein comprises an amino acid sequence 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:1. In another embodiment, the protein consists of an amino acid sequence 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:1.

SEQ ID NO: 1: Babesia divergens subtilisin-1   1 MVKALRTAFI CIVLAVVNHA LATLDQETPS LSDTTSKDNS TRTPRESPGG SAPNSRDGPN  61 NAASGTKTHA DIIARRLIVR FPYRTKPVPF DDIDLSKYNS SQDDKMGVIV KRLKSLKTYI 121 IEVGEGNSLD EVKRLEDFLI SEGGKVEKDA VAILSGISDK SNTETSASST DAQSPTTERP 181 PNGDVKNLFS KDQWYIELLE INRAWNQMRK MRRKPVKVCI VDTGIDYHHD ALRDAIELNE 241 MELNGIQGVD DDDNGLIDDI YGANFVDNNM DPMDLHGHGT SLAGIIAAKY KNPQDIAGIN 301 TYARLIPCKA FDSNLEGYLS DILQCIDYCL ARGAMVQNHS WTHHKESDAL KSAFAVAEAR 361 NVLMVVSVGN VYYQHGKRRN IDNHVVVPAM YSKYFLNVLT VSGMQVTSEA TIRERVERCK 421 LTKPDASCEP SKDLQYELYH KSQFGLSLSQ LVAPAYSIHT LWKNNSKVIA EGVSMATAIV 481 TGVASLLLSI DMKFLQLTSV SVTHYIRHNI MPLPALKNKV RWGGYVNCRA TVISMVQYNR 541 ALAERHKRMK AMVLPPRKSD KVNIII

The protein can be from any Babesia species now known or later discovered. Preferably, the Babesia sp. is a B. divergens. The Babesia sp. can also be, e.g., Babesia microti, a WA1 (B. divergens Washington 1) or an MO-1 (B. divergens Missouri-1).

Also disclosed herein are isolated and purified nucleic acids encoding any of the above proteins. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:2. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:2. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:2. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid consists of a nucleotide sequence 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.

SEQ ID NO:2: Babesia divergens subtilisin-1    1 ggcacgaggg gcacatgtcc tgtgtctatc agcataactt cacataacag ctttcgccta   61 ttgtattcag gattcgtagg tcattcttag cttgtttacg cgcagacact ttgggaaagt  121 gcgaaacgaa taaggggctc tattgtatgg tgagcggtct atgattgcat gcgatgtgta  181 aatactaaga tgagtcagac actagtctca ttacgtcact ttgatgaatt cgagacaatg  241 acagttggac gtcataatca ttggtactta caacacatgc aaatgaaacc aattgacttt  301 taattcctat ctaaggagcc gcccatacga tggttaaagc tttgagaacc gcgtttattt  361 gcatcgtgct ggcggtagtc aaccatgccc tggcaacact ggaccaggag acaccttcct  421 taagtgacac aactagcaaa gataattcaa cccggactcc tcgtgagtcg cctggaggtt  481 cggcacctaa ctcacgagac ggaccgaata atgcagcaag tgggactaaa acacatgctg  541 atatcatagc acgccgtcta atcgttaggt tcccttacag aacaaaacct gtaccattcg  601 atgacataga cctgagcaag tacaattcgt ctcaagacga caaaatgggt gtaatagtca  661 agaggttgaa atcactcaag acatacataa tagaggtggg agaaggaaat agcctcgatg  721 aagttaaacg cctagaggat ttcttaatca gtgaaggagg gaaagtggaa aaggatgctg  781 tagccatttt aagtggtatt agcgataaat ctaacactga aacatctgct tcgagtacgg  841 atgcacaaag tcccactaca gagaggccac cgaacggcga tgttaagaat ctcttttcaa  901 aagatcaatg gtacatcgaa ctgttggaga ttaatagagc ctggaatcag atgcggaaaa  961 tgaggaggaa accggtaaag gtctgcatcg tggacaccgg gatagactat catcatgatg 1021 cattacggga tgcaatagag cttaatgaaa tggaacttaa cggcatccaa ggcgttgatg 1081 acgatgataa tgggctcata gatgacatat atggcgcaaa ctttgtcgac aacaacatgg 1141 atcccatgga ccttcatggt cacggtacaa gtttggcggg cattatagct gccaaatata 1201 agaaccctca ggacatagct ggaattaaca catatgcgcg tctcataccg tgcaaagctt 1261 tcgattcgaa cctggaaggt tatctaagtg atatcttaca atgtattgat tactgcctgg 1321 cacgtggagc catggtccaa aaccacagct ggacgcatca caaagaaagc gatgccctga 1381 agagtgcctt tgcagttgca gaagcacgaa atgtattgat ggtggtttct gttggtaacg 1441 tatattacca acacgggaaa cgaagaaaca ttgacaatca cgtcgtcgta cccgccatgt 1501 acagcaaata tttcctcaat gttttaaccg tatccgggat gcaagttacg agcgaagcta 1561 ccattaggga acgtgtcgag cgatgcaagt taacgaagcc ggacgcttcc tgcgaaccca 1621 gcaaagatct acaatatgaa ctgtaccaca agtctcagtt tgggctttca ctcagccagc 1681 tagtggctcc ggcgtacagt atacacacct tatggaagaa taactctaag gttattgctg 1741 agggggtgtc aatggctact gcaattgtga cgggtgttgc aagtctactt ctttccatag 1801 atatgaagtt cctacaactc acctcagtca gcgtcaccca ctatatacgg cacaacatca 1861 tgccacttcc tgcgcttaag aataaggtga gatggggagg atatgtcaat tgccgtgcga 1921 ctgtaatcag tatggtgcaa tataatagag ccctggctga aaggcacaag agaatgaagg 1981 ccatggttct gccacctagg aaaagtgata aggtcaatat tattatctag ataaaaaaaa 2041 aaaaaaaaaa a

In some aspects, the above nucleic acid is in a vector capable of transfection into a cell. Such vectors are well known in the art. The cell can be a prokaryotic cell (e.g., an E. coli) or a eukaryotic cell (e.g., a mammalian cell). Preferably, the cell is a Babesia sp.

Additionally, disclosed herein are isolated and purified nucleic acids comprising at least 20 nucleotides having a sequence 100% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 or its complement. Such nucleic acids can be RNA or DNA. These nucleic acids are useful, e.g., as PCR primers, probes for identifying the protein in a mixture of DNA or RNA, miRNAs, antisense molecules, etc.

Also disclosed herein is an antibody preparation comprising an antibody that specifically binds to a protein at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, where the antibody preparation does not comprise an antibody that binds to any protein made by a naturally occurring P. falciparum. These antibodies are useful for detecting the protein, or the Babesia that makes the protein. The antibodies can also be used to inhibit activity of the protein and as such can be used therapeutically.

The antibody can be a monoclonal, polyclonal or recombinant antibody or fraction thereof comprising an antibody binding site.

The invention is also directed to methods of diagnosing a Babesia sp. infection in a mammal. The methods comprise determining whether a protein at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 is present in the blood of the mammal.

These methods can be used with any mammalian species. Preferably the mammal is a human.

The method can be used to diagnose an infection from any Babesia species now known or later discovered. Preferably, the Babesia sp. is a B. divergens. The Babesia sp. can also be, e.g., Babesia microti, a WA1 or an MO-1.

The presence of the protein can be determined by any method. In one embodiment, the presence of the protein is determined using an antibody preparation, for example the antibody preparation comprising an antibody that specifically binds to a protein at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, where the antibody preparation does not comprise an antibody that binds to any protein made by a naturally occurring P. falciparum. Non-limiting examples of useful methods using antibodies include western blots, ELISA and dot blots.

Also disclosed are additional methods of diagnosing a Babesia sp. infection in a mammal. The methods comprise determining whether a nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 is present in the blood of the mammal.

The nucleic acid can be identified using any method known in the art, including Southern blots, RNA dot blots, etc. Preferably, the presence of the nucleic acid is determined using a polymerase chain reaction, most preferably using the above-described nucleic acid comprising at least 20 nucleotides having a sequence 100% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 or its complement.

In another embodiment, methods are provided for determining whether a blood preparation is contaminated with a Babesia sp. The methods comprise determining whether a protein at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 is present in the blood preparation.

Also disclosed herein are methods of determining whether a blood preparation is contaminated with a Babesia sp. The methods comprise determining whether a nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 is present in the blood preparation.

The above methods can be used with any blood preparation, including blood donated to a blood bank, and blood from a patient being tested for infection by a Babesia sp.

In another embodiment, methods of treating a mammal infected with a Babesia sp are provided. The methods comprise inhibiting the production or activity of a protein at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 by the Babesia sp. in the mammal.

In some aspects of these methods, the mammal is treated with an antibody that specifically binds to the protein. In other aspects, the mammal is treated with a protease inhibitor that inhibits the activity of the protein. The mammal can also be treated with a nucleic acid. An example of such a nucleic acid is an aptamer that specifically binds to the protein. Other examples include an antisense molecule, a ribozyme, or an RNAi molecule that specifically inhibits production of the protein by the Babesia sp.

Protease inhibitors suitable for use in treating infections with Babesia sp. include, but are not limited to, saquinavir (Hoffman-La Roche), ritonavir (Abbott Laboratories, indinavir (Merck & Co.), nelfinavir (Japan Tobacco), amprenavir (GlaxoSmithKline), lopinavir (Abbott Laboratories), atazanavir, fosamprenavir (GlaxoSmithKline), tipranavir (Boehringer-Ingelheim), darunavir (Tibotec), telaprevir (Vertex), SCH 503034 (Schering-Plough), brecanavir (GlaxoSmithKline),

Other protease inhibitors include, but are not limited to, antipain (1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl-L-arginyl-L-valylargininal), E64 (thyl (2S,3S)-3-[(S)-3-methyl-1-(3-methylbutylcarbamoyl) butylcarbamoyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate), pepstatin, ABSF (4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride), PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride), TLCK (N-α-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone), and TPCK (tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone).

Dosages and desired concentrations of pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may vary depending on the particular use envisioned. The determination of the appropriate dosage or route of administration is well within the skill of an ordinary physician. Animal experiments provide reliable guidance for the determination of effective doses for human therapy. Interspecies scaling of effective doses can be performed following the principles laid down by Mardenti, J. and Chappell, W. “The use of interspecies scaling in toxicokinetics” In Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Yacobi et al, Eds., Pergamon Press, New York 1989, pp. 42-96. The term “therapeutically effective” amount as used herein refers to the amount needed to perform the particular treatment such as, for example, for treatment or prevention of infection with a Babesia sp. “Treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented. In a preferred embodiment, the disorder is present. In a preferred embodiment, the life of a cell or an individual is prolonged due to the methods described herein.

The compositions provided herein may be administered in a physiologically acceptable carrier to a host. Preferred methods of administration include systemic administration to the host. In one method sustained release vehicles are utilized. The compositions may be administered in conjunction with other compositions for treatment, including but not limited to antibiotics or other bioactive agents.

Also disclosed herein are methods of screening a compound for treating an infection by a Babesia sp. The methods comprise determining whether the compound inhibits production or activity of a protein at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 by the Babesia sp.

This method can be used with any Babesia sp. Preferably, the Babesia sp. is a B. divergens. The Babesia sp. can also be a Babesia microti, a WA1 or an MO-1.

Some aspects of these methods comprise determining whether the compound inhibits activity of the protein. An example of these aspects involves measuring protease activity of the protein in the presence and in the absence of the compound. Another example of these aspects involves determining whether the compound binds to the protein.

Certain embodiments are described in the following examples. Other embodiments within the scope of the claims herein will be apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification or practice of the invention as disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification, together with the examples, be considered exemplary only, with the scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the claims, which follow the examples.

Example 1 A Conserved Subtilisin Protease Identified in Babesia divergens Merozoites

Invasion of erythrocytes is an integral part of the Babesia divergens life cycle. Serine proteases have been shown to play an important role in invasion by related Apicomplexan parasites such as the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Demonstrated here is the presence of two dominant serine proteases in asexual B. divergens using a biotinylated fluorophosphonate probe. One of these active serine proteases (p48) and its precursors were recognized by anti-PfSUB1 antibodies. These antibodies were used to clone the gene encoding a serine protease using a B. divergens cDNA library. BdSub-1 is a single copy gene with no introns. The deduced gene product (BdSUB-1) clearly belongs to the subtilisin superfamily and shows significant homology to Plasmodium subtilisins, with the highest degree of sequence identity around the four catalytic residues. Like subtilisin proteases in other Apicomplexan parasites, BdSUB-1 undergoes two steps of processing during activation in the secretory pathway being finally converted to an active form. The mature protease is concentrated in merozoite dense granules, apical secretory organelles involved in erythrocyte invasion. Anti-PfSUB1 antibodies have a potent inhibitory effect on erythrocyte invasion by B. divergens merozoites in vitro. This Example demonstrates conservation of the molecular machinery involved in erythrocyte invasion by these two Apicomplexan parasites and paves the way for a comparative analysis of other molecules that participate in this process in the two parasites.

Experimental Procedures

Parasite propagation. Blood stages cultures of the B. divergens (Bd Rouen 1986 strain) were maintained in vitro in human A+ RBCs using RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen Corporation) medium supplemented with 10% human serum and sodium bicarbonate solution 7.5% (w/v). Cells were cultured at 37° C. in a 90% CO₂, 5% nitrogen and 5% oxygen, as previously described (Gorenflot A. et al. (1991) Parasitol Res 77, 3-1220, incorporated by reference herein for all it contain regarding cell culture).

Purification of free, viable merozoites. Free viable merozoites were purified as previously disclosed (Precigout E et al. (1993) Exp Parasitol 77, 425-43421, incorporated by reference herein for all it contains regarding merozoites). Cultures were grown to approximately 60% parasitemia. Infected RBCs and culture supernatants were centrifuged at 300 g for 10 min. The resulting supernatant was first filtered through 5 μm and 1.2 μm reinforced acrylic copolymer membranes (Versapor 3000 and Versapor 1200, Pall Corporation). Filtration was performed at 4° C. to avoid merozoite aggregation. Merozoites were then pelleted at 2000 g for 10 min. 40 ml of supernatant yielded ˜10⁸ merozoites. Free merozoites were fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde for electron microscopy or resuspended in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and sonicated for western blotting. They were resuspended in RPMI 1640 for use in in vitro growth-inhibitory assays.

Binding of biotinylated fluorophosphonate probe (FP) to parasite proteins. Adapting previous protocols (Liu Y et al., (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 14694-14699, incorporated by reference herein for all it contains), B. divergens infected cells were lysed with 0.15% saponin (equivolume), at 37° C. for 10 min, to release parasites, 5× volume of PBS was added to the suspension and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The B. divergens lysate was prepared in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0 and protein concentration adjusted to 1 μg/μl. Two hundred microliters of this lysate was used for the reaction with FP-biotin for 30 min at 25° C. The lysate was incubated for 30 min at 4° C. with one-tenth volume of avidin-agarose beads (Sigma) to deplete endogenous avidin-binding proteins. After a brief centrifugation to pellet the beads, the soluble fraction was removed and supplemented with FP-biotin (prepared as a stock reagent in DMSO) to a final concentration of 2 μM. The reaction was quenched by adding an equal volume of 2×SDS-PAGE buffer before separation on SDS-PAGE and transfer onto nitrocellulose membranes. Blots were blocked in TBS with 1% Tween overnight at 4° C., and probed with an avidin-HRP conjugate (Bio-Rad, 1:2000 dilution) in TBS-Tween with 1% non-fat dry milk for 30 min at 25° C. The blot was washed with TBS-Tween three times (10 min/wash), treated with SuperSignal® chemi-luminescence reagents (Bio-Rad) and exposed to film for 0.1 to 5 min before development.

Production and Immunoscreening of a B. divergens cDNA expression library. Total RNA was isolated from cultures with ˜60% of parasitemia using Trizol® LS Reagent (Invitrogen) and chloroform extraction. The cDNA synthesis and construction of the library was performed by Lofstrand Labs. The cDNA synthesis was carried out using the Synthesis Kit from Stratagene, the cDNA was column purified to remove species<400 bp, and ligated into EcoRI-XhoI digested zap Express vector (Stratagene). The primary library had >98% recombinants and contained 2×10⁶ pfu. The B. divergens cDNA library was screened with polyclonal antibodies specific for the PfSUB1 mature protease domain (PfSUB1m) using standard protocols. Positive clones were purified by the same serum selection procedure and amplified by PCR using T3 and T7 universal primers and the products were sequenced. DNA sequences and predicted amino acid sequence comparisons were carried out with the GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB and all non-redundant GenBank CDS Translations +PDB+SwissProt+PIR+PRF databases, using BLAST and PSI-BLAST algorithm respectively.

Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR). PCR was carried out using Taq DNA polymerase (Promega). Primers for amplification by PCR of the catalytic domain (3′ region of bdsub-1 gene) were BdSub-1cdF (5′ ACTACAGAGAGGCCACCGAACGGC 3′ SEQ ID NO:3) and BdSub-IcdR (5′ TCACTTTTCCTAGGTGGCAGAACC 3′ SEQ ID NO:4). Primers prepared from bdsub-1 cDNA for amplification by PCR and RT-PCR of a genomic sequence of the bdsub-1 gene and the bdsub-1 ORF, using genomic DNA (gDNA) and total RNA (tRNA) respectively were Bdsub-1FI (5′ AGCCGCCCATACGATGGTTAAAAGC 3′ SEQ ID NO:5) and Bdsub-1R1 (5′ ATCTAGATAATAATATTGACCTTATC 3′ SEQ ID NO:6). For the PCR, 30 ng of B. divergens gDNA was used and 5 μg of tRNA for the RT-PCR. The extension of the 5′ end of the bdsub-1 cDNA was obtained by PCR, using standard PCR protocols and maxipools prepared from aliquots of the amplified B. divergens expression library. The primer Bdsub-IR2 (5′ GGAACTTAACGGCATCCAAGGCGT 3′ SEQ ID NO:7) that derives from bdsub-1 cDNA sequence. DNA encoding the putative propeptide of BdSUB-1 was amplified by PCR from the bdsub-1 cDNA using the oligonucleotide primers, PF1 (5′ ATGGTTAAAGCTTTGA 3′ SEQ ID NO:8) and PR1 (5′ CTTAACATCGCCGTTCGG 3′ SEQ ID NO:9). The amplified products were subcloned into Topo® TA vector (Invitrogen) for sequencing. The constructs were maintained in the TOP10 Escherichia coli strain (Invitrogen) and then sequenced on both strands. All sequencing reactions were performed by the dideoxynucleotide (Sequenase) method using custom synthesized primers. DNA sequences and predicted amino acid sequence comparisons were performed with the GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB and all non-redundant GenBank CDS Translations +PDB+SwissProt+PIR+PRF databases, using BLAST and PSI-BLAST algorithm.

Southern blot analysis. Genomic B. divergens DNA was analyzed by high stringency Southern-blot (65° C.) using a digoxigenin-labeled probe (Roche Applied Science) designed to encompass the catalytic domain (3′ region of the gene) by PCR using primer pairs BdSub-1cdF (5′ ACTACAGAGAGGCCACCGAACGGC 3′ SEQ ID NO:10) and BdSub-1cdR (5′ TCACTTTTCCTAGGTGGCAGAACC 3′ SEQ ID NO:11). B. divergens gDNA was digested with a variety of restriction enzymes: XhoI and PstI that do not digest within the gene and SalI, NdeI, HindIII and BglII that digest within the gene. Ten micrograms of each digest was electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel and transferred to nylon membrane. Following overnight hybridization, the blot was washed twice for 5 min each in 2×SSC and finally for 20 min each in 0.5×SSC at 65° C. Bound probe was detected with Disodium-2-chloro-5(4 methoxyspiro{1,2-dioxetane-3.2′-[5-chloro]tricycle [3.3.1.1.3.7]decan}-4-yl)-1-phenyl phosphate (CDP-Star™, Roche).

Protein Expression and Purification and Antiserum Production. DNA encoding Leu²⁴-Lys¹⁸⁶ of BdSUB-1 was amplified by PCR from bdsub-1 cDNA using the oligonucleotide primers, PF1 5′ and PR15′ and cloned into the expression plasmid vector pGEX-6T1 (Amersham Biosciences) according to the manufacturer's instructions. E. coli strain BL21-gold (DE3) plysS (Stratagene) was transformed with the BdSUB-1p expression plasmid. Two hundred fifty ml of SOB medium containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin (Sigma) was inoculated with 1 ml of fresh overnight culture and grown at 37° C. to A₆₀₀=0.6 prior to induction with 0.2 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside. After 4 h of induction, the cells were pelleted and resuspended in B-Per bacterial protein extraction reagent (Pierce) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail that contains 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), pepstatinA, E-64, bestatin, leupeptin, and aprotinin (Sigma) for 10 minutes, the insoluble material was removed by centrifugation and the soluble fraction was used in order to purify the recombinant protein (called BdSUB-1p). The protein was purified using Glutathione Sepharose 4B (Amersham) as described by the manufacturer. Protein concentration was determined by BCA protein assay kit (Pierce).

Polyclonal sera were raised against BdSUB-1p in mice using standard immunization protocols. Briefly, 6 to 8 week old male BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously with 25 μg of BdSUB-1 p in 0.1 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant (Sigma). Mice were boosted 14 days later with 25 μg of BdSUB-1 in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (Sigma).

SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analysis. For Western-blot assays, cultured parasites were solubilized into three volumes of a saponin buffer (0.15% of saponin in PBS) and incubated at 37° C. for 20 min. Samples were washed with PBS by centrifugation for 5 min and the pellet was resuspended in PBS with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma) and sonicated. Free merozoite lysates were prepared from sonicates of merozoites suspended in PBS and protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma). After centrifugation, the supernantant was collected and boiled for five minutes in 2× Laemmli sample buffer (Bio-Rad). Samples were run on SDS-PAGE and transferred by electroblotting onto Immuno-Blot™ PVDF membranes, which were blocked in blocking solution: Tris-buffered saline (TBS) with 0.05% Tween-20 (TBS-T) and 3% (wt/vol) Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA).

Blots were incubated with mouse anti-BdSUB-1p antiserum diluted 1:100 in blocking solution, for 1 h at room temperature. Membranes were then treated with horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Pierce, 1:10,000). Blots were washed with washing buffer (0.5 M NaCl, 0.02 M Tris-HCl and 0.05% Tween-20). Antigen detection was by ECL (SuperSignal®WestPico Chemiluminescent Substrate, Pierce).

Electron microscopy. Free B. divergens merozoites were fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, for 1 hr at 4° C., washed in 0.1 M buffer, pH 7.4 and treated with 50 mM ammonium chloride to quench remaining aldehydes. The fixed merozoites were then dehydrated and embedded in LR-White Resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Thin sections of embedded parasites were mounted on parlodion covered nickel grids, blocked in 2% BSA and probed with PfSUB I m antibodies overnight at 4° C., washed in buffer containing BSA and Tween 20 and incubated with Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to 6 nm gold particles (Electron Microscopy Science) or Goat-anti-mouse IgG conjugated to 5 nm gold particles (Amersham). After staining with uranyl acetate, sections were observed under a Philips-410 electron microscope (Holland).

Immunoprecipitation. Freshly cultured parasites were washed and resuspended in methionine-free medium (RPMI 1640, MP Biomedicals). Two hundred microcuries ml⁻¹ of [³⁵S] methionine/cysteine (Perkin Elmer) was added and parasites were incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. Parasites were lysed in NETT buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.1% Triton X-100) using a protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma) and centrifuged to collect the supernatant. Lysates were precleared with protein G (Amersham) before antibody addition. Protein G-Sepharose beads were added and washed extensively with NETTS (10 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 500 mM, NaCl, 5 mM EDTA and 0.1% Triton X-100) and NETT buffers. Protein was eluted from the beads by boiling in sample buffer and run on SDS-PAGE. Gels were stained with Coomassie Blue R-250, fixed with fixing solution (25% isopropanol, 10% acetic acid) for 30 min and enhanced with Amplify™ fluorographic solution (Amersham) for one hour, dried under vacuum and exposed to film for autoradiography.

Monitoring the effect of brefeldin A. The effects of brefeldin A (BFA, Sigma) on BdSUB-1 processing during secretory transport was monitored using ³⁵S-radiolabeled B. divergens cultures. The drug was prepared as a stock solution in methanol at 1 mg ml⁻¹ and then added to parasite cultures to a final concentration of 40 μg ml⁻¹ BFA. Methanol was added to the control cultures and cells were cultured at 37° C. in a 90% CO₂, 5% nitrogen and 5% oxygen for 1 hour. Samples were washed in PBS, lysed in saponin buffer and analyzed by western blot using the anti-PfSUB1m antibodies.

In vitro growth-inhibitory assays (GIA). In order to ensure the antigen specificity of antibody-mediated inhibition, the total preimmune rabbit (PI) and PfSUB1m IgGs were purified using Protein-G Sepharose (Amersham) with IgG binding and elution buffers (Pierce) according to the manufacturer's recommendation and dialyzed with PBS. RPMI supplemented with 10% of human serum and 5% of RBC (6×10⁸ RBC) were preincubated at 37° C. in a 90% CO₂, 5% nitrogen and 5% oxygen for 30 minutes in 2 cm wells. Purified IgG from PI or PfSUB1m or PBS (control solution) and 2×10⁶ free merozoites were added to the prewarmed medium in triplicate wells. The final concentration of antibody in the GIA was 100 μg ml⁻¹ in a 1.2 ml final volume. Samples were incubated at 37° C. with 90% CO₂, 5% nitrogen, 5% oxygen. The invasion efficiency was checked after 24 hours and quantitation of parasitemia was performed by counting the total number of intracellular parasites present in 1×10⁴ RBC at 100× magnification using an Eclipse E 600 microscope (Nikon), after Giemsa staining of smears.

Results

Functional profiling of B. divergens serine proteases. A systems level of analysis was applied as the first approach to the study of serine proteases in B. divergens invasion. Newly developed, potent, selective probes are available for different classes of proteases that allow simultaneous monitoring of the activities of multiple proteases even in crude protein mixture. The chemical FP probe (FIG. 1A), specifically directed against the active site of serine proteases, identified the expression of all serine proteases present in B. divergens crude extracts by virtue of their catalytic activity (FIG. 1B). Two dominant bands of protease activity were detected at ˜48 and ˜75 kDa, which correspond to two distinct serine proteases. Important controls in this experiment included a parasite extract that was heat denatured before the addition of the probe (lane 2) and also a RBC extract (not shown) to ensure detected protease bands were of Babesia origin. Information gathered from the use of this active site directed probe enabled the assessment of the number of dominant serine proteases that exist in the intracellular asexual B. divergens parasite.

Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis reveal cross-reactive B. divergens subtilisin proteins. Since malaria proteases are likely to act on similar substrates like RBC membrane proteins, tools derived from P. falciparum serine proteases were used to identify potential homologues in B. divergens. Immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis with the anti-PfSUB1m antibodies revealed cross-reactive B. divergens proteins in the lysates (FIGS. 2A and 2B). A specific dominant band at ˜48 kDa (p48) and a minor band at ˜75 kDa (p75) were identified by immunoprecipitation (FIG. 2A). Interestingly, both these correspond approximately to the size of the mature protease (47 kDa) and proprotease (82 kDa) forms of PfSUB1 and to the bands detected by FP-biotin (FIG. 1). Western blot analysis with the same antibodies (FIG. 2B) revealed three BdSUB-1 protein bands p75, p48 and a new band of ˜55 kDa, not seen in the immunoprecipitation analysis. These results suggested the presence of B. divergens subtilisin-like proteases similar to those found in P. falciparum.

Cloning of bdsub-1 by immunoscreening of a cDNA expression library. To identify the putative serine protease observed by immunoprecipitation and to demonstrate that it is indeed a subtilisin; a B. divergens cDNA expression library was prepared and immuno-screened using the anti-PfSUB1m antiserum. The antibody screening of 1×10⁵ pfu yielded four immunopositive plaques, each around 2 kB. All four clones were identical. One of these clones (bd-1) was sequenced in both directions and further characterized. Complete sequence analysis of the cDNA clone showed a single contiguous sequence 2051 by long (SEQ ID NO:2) containing an uninterrupted ORF of 1701 by encoding a protein (BdSUB-1) of 566 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:1) with an estimated molecular mass of 63,683 Daltons and a isoelectric point of 8.74. To confirm the bdsub-1 ORF, the 5′ end of the molecule was amplified by a PCR-cloning approach, using standard PCR protocols and maxi pools prepared from aliquots of the amplified B. divergens expression library, as well as primers derived from both the λ-Zap express vector and the known bdsub-1 (T3 and Bdsub-1R2). A fragment of around 1000 by was amplified, subcloned into Topo® TA vector and sequenced. After analysis of the sequence of the PCR product, the 5′ cDNA bdsub-1 together with bd-1 clone confirmed he complete open reading frame (1701 bp) and deduced amino acid sequence of BdSUB-1 protein as well as the nucleotide sequence of neighboring upstream (360 bp) region, shown in FIG. 3A. The initial ATG showed a purine in the −3 position upstream and a guanine in the +4 position downstream as well as 10 stop codons before the initial ATG in the 5′UTR. The entire sequence has been deposited in GenBank (Accession # DQ517294).

The bdsub-1 gene encodes a subtilisin-type serine protease. PCR amplification of the complete bdsub-1 ORF from total RNA with primers Bdsub-1F1 and Bdsub-1R1, derived from both 5′ and 3′ ends of Bd1, produced a single DNA fragment of 1716 bp. Amplification from gDNA under the same conditions produced a fragment of the same size (FIG. 3B). The coding region of the cDNA and bdsub-1 gene were cloned into Topo® TA vector and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences of both the products were identical, suggesting that the bdsub-1 gene contains no introns. FIG. 3A depicts a schematic of the gene highlighting the features of the bdsub-1 gene cDNA and deduced protein product. BdSUB-1 belongs to the subtilisin-like (subtilase, S8) protease superfamily. BLAST search of the entire non-degenerate protein databases with the deduced BdSUB-1 protein sequence showed it possesses significant similarity to other known subtilases, particularly those from P. falciparum and P. chabaudi with 30% identity (scores of 183 and 186 respectively) and a lower score of 150 with a subtilisin of the related apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii. BdSUB-1 also exhibited similar homology to the subtilisin from Neospora caninum (NC-p65) having an identity of 31% with a score of 155. The C-terminal 306 as segment (Ala²⁰⁴-Ile⁵¹⁰) was identified as the catalytic domain by PSI-BLAST algorithm with a score of 90.9 and E value of 4e-19. As can be seen from FIG. 4 a high degree of sequence conservation was observed around the catalytic residues, Asp²²², His²⁷⁸ and Ser⁴⁷⁴. Additional conservation was seen at the oxyanion hole residue Asn³⁷⁰. By homology with other subtilases, BdSUB-1 could be synthesized as a pre-pro-protease with a putative signal peptide 23 residues long, predicted by SignalP3.0. The signal peptide cleavage site most likely lies between Arg²² and Thr²³. An alignment of BdSUB-1 with sequences from P. falciparum, T. gondii, Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp suggests that the start of the mature protease could be at Asn¹⁸⁷ and extend to the C-terminal residue Ile⁵⁶⁶, having a predicted M_(r) of 42.9 kDa, and the prodomain likely extends from Leu²⁴ to Lys¹⁸⁶ with an estimated M_(r) of 17.5 kDa. Thus, the theoretical molecular mass of the full-length bdsub-1 gene product (the preproprotease) is 63,683 Da, and that of the proprotease (i.e following signal peptide cleavage) is 62,881 Da. Both these sizes are significantly smaller than the molecular mass of the 75 kDa species detected by immunoprecipitation. However, similar results were obtained for both the P. falciparum and T. gondii subtilases, where the predicted molecular mass of PfSUB1 preproprotease (77,874 Da) and proprotease (75,066) and that of TgSUB-1 preprotease (84,916 Da) were less than the size detected by immunoprecipitation and pulse-chase experiments.

The bdsub-1 gene is a single copy gene that contains no introns. To establish the copy number of the bdsub-1 gene, Southern blot analysis of B. divergens (Rouen, 1986) strain was performed. B. divergens gDNA was digested with restriction enzymes XhoI and PstI (which do not cleave within the bdsub-1 gene), and SalI, NdeI, HindIII and BglII (which cleave within the gene). Digests were probed under high stringency conditions with a probe designed to encompass the catalytic domain (1150 by 3′ region of the gene). The hybridisation patterns obtained indicated that Bdsub-1 is a single copy gene (FIG. 5). The bdsub-1 cDNA contains no PstI site and the Southern blot data therefore indicated that the whole locus could be isolated on a single genomic PstI fragment of about 6 kb (FIG. 5, lane 4).

Recombinant expression of BdSUB-1 amino-terminal region in E. coli and production of polyclonal antibodies. The sequence encoding Leu²⁴ to Lys¹⁸⁶ of BdSUB-1 (BdSUB-1p) was cloned into the expression vector pGEX-6T1 and expressed in E. coli as a GST-fusion protein. The predicted mass of the recombinant product (GST-BdSUB-1p) was ˜45 kDa. GST-BdSUB-1p was found to be mostly insoluble. Thus, cells were resuspended in B-Per lysis solution, to solubilize the recombinant protein. The protein was then purified by affinity chromatography on a column of glutathione-agarose. The purified GST-BdSUB-1 p product was analyzed by western-blotting, using an anti-GST monoclonal antibody and used to immunize mice. When the resulting antibodies were used in western-blot assays to probe extracts of free merozoites, a major ˜48 kDa protein was recognized. This band thus corresponds to the proteolytically active enzyme. Four less abundant bands of ˜100 kDa (p 100), ˜75 kDa (p75), ˜25 kDa (p25) and ˜20 kDa (p20) were also seen (FIG. 6).

BdSUB-1 is localized to dense granules. To localize BdSUB-1 within the merozoite, immuno-electron micrographic analysis was carried out on sections of free B. divergens merozoites, using the anti-PfSUB1m antibodies. As can be seen in FIG. 7, discrete antibody reactivity was observed with circular, electron dense organelles with the morphological characteristics of merozoite dense granules (labeled with arrows in FIG. 7). Immunoreactivity was observed only in the granules situated toward to the apical end of the merozoites. Moreover, p48 was the major bdsub-1 gene product found in Babesia merozoite extracts by western blot and immunoprecipitation and is the final product of BdSUB-1 processing in the parasite. p48 is the protease species that concentrates in the merozoite dense granules. Thus, BdSUB-1 has the same location in merozoites as PfSUB1, indicating that it is a true PfSUB1 homolog. Similar localization in the dense granules was obtained using the anti-BdSUB-1 antibodies, (data not shown).

BdSUB-1 undergoes post-translational processing during secretory transport. Subtilases are synthesized as enzymatically inactive zymogens, activation of which invariably requires one or more proteolytic cleavages of the precursor. In order to examine whether BdSUB-1 undergoes intracellular post-translational processing steps within the parasite secretory pathway, brefeldin A (BFA) was employed, which blocks secretory transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. Western-blot analysis was performed on parasite lysates that were obtained from cultures grown in the presence or absence of BFA, using anti-PfSUB1m antibodies. FIG. 8 shows the presence of relatively large amounts of a 55 kDa protein (p55) (lane 2) which was not detected in cultures grown in the absence of BFA. The 48 kDa end-product of BdSUB-1 processing of size (p48) was seen in both lanes 1 and 2. p55 is the BdSub-1 product that accumulated in the ER in the presence of BFA, and p48 in lane 1, represents the already processed BdSUB-1, present in the culture before the use of BFA. Thus, BdSUB-1 is initially synthesized as a large precursor protein of ˜78 kDA and cleavage of the signal peptide results in the formation of p75, which is the largest detectable protein seen in the assays. This p75 is then processed to p55, which then gets converted to p48 in the Golgi. Thus, use of BFA interferes with the conversion of p55 to p48, resulting in an accumulation of p55 in BFA treated cultures (FIG. 8 lane 2).

Purified anti-PfSUB1m antibodies inhibit in vitro invasion of the parasite. A B. divergens in vitro inhibition of invasion assay using free merozoites and IgG purified from PfSUB1m antiserum was carried out. Giemsa-stained thin blood smears were prepared and the parasitic growth was monitored after 8 h. Potent inhibition of parasite invasion was observed in these cultures in the presence of both anti-PfSUB1m serum and antibodies purified from this serum (Table 1). The percent of inhibition of invasion of merozoites in the PfSUB1m IgG group was significantly higher than the control (without antibodies) and the IgG purified antibodies from preimmune samples (58% inhibition, with a statistically significant P value of 2×10⁻⁴). On examination of Giemsa smears of parasites grown in the presence of purified IgG from anti-PfSUB1m serum, a large number of free extra-erythrocytic merozoites were observed by light microscopy (FIG. 9A). This led to the speculation that the antibodies were mediating their inhibition at the time of invasion. Since BdSUB-1 is not localized on the surface of the merozoites, it may be released into the culture supernatant, thus permitting interaction of the antibodies with the subtilisin. To confirm this, radiolabeled culture supernatants were analyzed for the presence of BdSUB-1. Two immunoreactive bands can be clearly seen, corresponding to the 48 kDa active protease and a lower molecular weight band which might represent further processing or degradation of the protein. (FIG. 9B). These results indicate that the protease is secreted from the merozoite at or around the point of invasion, suggesting a role in invasion.

TABLE 1 PfSUB-1 m (purified Ab) inhibits free merozoite invasion 8 h invasion % of invasion relative B. divergens samples Mean ± SD to the control PBS 1.8 ± 0.2 100 PI-purified rabbit Ab 1.8 ± 0.3 100 PfSUB-1-purified rabbit Ab  0.6 ± 0.05 42 Inhibition of erythrocyte invasion by B. divergens merozoites with purified Ab against PfSUB1m. Values in the first column represent the mean and standard deviation of three independent assays, each performed in triplicate. Values in the second column represents the % of invasion relative to the control of B. divergens free merozoites used after liberation, and these values were considered 100% for PBS and preimmune purified rabbit antibody.

Babesiosis is fast becoming an important parasitosis because of two factors: (i) that Babesia is now recognized as a zoonotic parasite, with humans acquiring infections from mammalian animal reservoirs; and (ii) that Babesia represents a potential threat to the blood supply for transfusions since asymptomatic infections in humans are common and the spread of parasite via blood transfusions has been frequently reported. Invasion of erythrocytes is an integral part of the Babesia life cycle. The process of invasion by apicomplexan parasites is a carefully coordinated process, involving the regulated release of specialized secretory organelles. Several lines of evidence suggest that proteases are critical for the assembly and trafficking of organellar content proteins. Further, invasion is accompanied by cleavage and shedding of secreted proteins as host cell invasion occurs. Serine protease inhibitors block invasion in Plasmodium and in B. divergens. Proteases may serve a vital role in the infectivity of the Babesia merozoites by hydrolyzing the erythrocyte surface proteins and the complex erythrocyte cytoskeletal network to permit movement of the parasite into and out of the erythrocyte. By virtue of their function, it was hypothesized that they should be conserved in structure among different hemoparasites, particularly between Plasmodium and Babesia. Since P. falciparum and B. divergens are harbored by the same host cell, the human RBC, tools derived from studies of the malaria invasion machinery were used to obtain analogous information in Babesia. B. divergens uses neuraminidase- and trypsin-sensitive receptors, of which glycophorins A and B are the prominent ones, for invasion, similar to P. falciparum.

A newly developed functional proteomics tool in the form of chemical probes specifically directed against the active site of serine proteases was used. FP-biotin was used to profile and identify serine proteases in complex crude lysates of the parasite, by virtue of their catalytic activity. Two bands corresponding to potent serine protease activity were detected at ˜45 (p48) and ˜75 kDa respectively (FIG. 1, lane 1). Interestingly, subtilisin bands of similar molecular weight were seen in immunoprecipitation experiments with anti PfSUB1m antibodies (FIG. 2A) and anti-PfSUB2 antibodies (data not shown) corresponding to the mature, active enzymes recognized by FP-biotin probe. Using these antibodies against PfSUB1, the gene encoding the corresponding homologous enzyme in B. divergens (Bdsub-1) was cloned. Thus, the first known subtilisin protease of this species was identified.

The results presented clearly show that the cloned subtilisin is likely to be proteolytically active during merozoite invasion. BdSUB-1 has a clear homology, overall and within the catalytic domain, with the apicomplexan enzymes PfSUB1 and TgSUB-1 and other subtilisins (identity of ˜30%). Notably, BdSUB-1 possesses all of the typical features required of active subtilisins, including the catalytic triad residues essential for proteolytic activity (Asp²²², His²⁷⁸ and Ser⁴⁷⁴) and a glycine residue (Gly⁴⁷²) two positions N-terminal to the active site serine. BdSUB-1, also possesses an asparagine (Asn³⁷⁰) at the position of the oxyanion hole residue. Other typical features were found including a set of seven cysteine residues within the putative catalytic domain, responsible in a large number of subtilases for disulfide bond formation (35).

The post-translational processing detailed for BdSUB-1 lends support to the idea that it is a functional protease. Subtilases are synthesized as zymogens, which consist minimally of a signal peptide, a propeptide domain and a catalytic domain. By homology with other subtilases, BdSUB-1 is hypothesized to be synthesized as a pre-pro-protein and the processing and maturation scheme (FIG. 3) is very similar to that already described for other apicomplexan subtilisin proteases including PfSUB1 and TgSUB-1. Autocatalytic proteolytic processing is typical in subtilases and represents a mechanism of controlled protease activation in which the inactive precursor or zymogen is converted to an active enzyme only when it reaches an appropriate subcellular compartment. Like subtilisin proteases in other Apicomplexa, BdSUB-1 undergoes two steps of processing during activation in the secretory pathway being finally converted to an active form (p48). Primary processing of BdSUB-1 could take place in the parasite endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the earliest detectable product may be converted into a 75 kDa form. During the second step, the p75 product probably is truncated, to produce the p48 intracellular processing product that contains the predicted catalytic domain of BdSUB-1 and, according to the FP-biotin results, may represent the mature enzymatically active form of BdSUB-1. This second cleavage may occur during secretory transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, since it is inhibited by BFA, p48 is further transported to merozoite dense granules from where it appears to be secreted during host cell invasion. These data indicate that the protease may play a role in invasion. This is supported by results from the antibody mediated inhibition of invasion assay where purified PfSUB1m antibodies dramatically decreased invasion of B. divergens and resulted in a significant number of extraerythrocytic free merozoites observed in Giemsa stained smears Taken together, these results indicate a role for BdSUB-1 in erythrocyte invasion.

The conservation of the molecular invasion machinery of the two hemoparasites Plasmodium and Babesia paves the way for a comparative analysis of the molecules known to participate in this process. The structure, maturation and substrate specificity of PfSUB1 is known, but its function still remains unknown, mainly because of the difficulties of P. falciparum as an experimental system. B. divergens could serve as a surrogate model for Plasmodium invasion as two of the major difficulties of studying P. falciparum invasion can be overcome in the B. divergens invasion system, namely, the ease of growing cultures to high parasitemia and the fact that infectious free merozoites can be obtained in the B. divergens culture system. BdSUB-1 may be a true functional homolog of PfSUB1 because it shares a common subcellular localization.

Babesiosis has been a largely neglected disease and this study is one of the few to probe mechanisms of host cell entry, results from which may well yield valuable insights into mechanisms of zoonosis.

Example 2 Use of Flow Cytometry to Measure B. divergens Parasitemia

Parasitemia for B. divergens was assessed in human RBCs using a modification of the methods of Barkan et al. (Int. J. Parasitol. 30:649-53, 2000) and Jimenez-Diaz et al. (Cytometry A 67:27-36, 2005), both of which are incorporated by reference herein for all they contain regarding assessment of parasitemia. DNA content was measured after staining with YOYO-1 (a high affinity cell-impermeant dye that increases green fluorescence by 1000-fold when bound to dsDNA) observed infected erythrocytes compared with non-infected human erythrocytes for B. divergens. There was no signification background fluorescence caused by reticulocyte staining or autofluorescence.

To assess the effect of various protease inhibitors, parasitemia was assessed in 180 parasite samples taken at different time points (0 and after 10, 24, 48 and 72 h). In parallel with the evaluation of the parasitemia by FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting), 60 random parasite samples were analyzed by light microscopy using Giemsa-stained thin blood smears, with 500-1000 RBCs being counted for each smear. FIGS. 10A-E displays histograms of cell counts versus YOYO-1 fluorescence intensities, in which the uninfected cells (left peak) are clearly separated from infected cells (right peak). Integration of the numbers of events represented in the right peak provides a direct estimate of the parasitemia, where one infected cell is one event. A strong linear correlation was observed between results obtained using flow cytometry and the traditional Giemsa stain method (FIG. 10F). Thus, this method presents a fast and sensitive estimation of B. divergens parasitemia with a differential pattern of staining between B. divergens infected and non-infected RBCs.

Example 3 TPCK and TLCK Protease Inhibitors are Inhibitors of B. divergens Invasion and Growth

Protease inhibitors were tested for their ability to inhibit the invasion and growth of B. divergens in vitro. The treatment of the B. divergens parasites with antipain (1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl-L-arginyl-L-valylargininal, antipromotor), E64 (thyl (2S,3S)-3-[(S)-3-methyl-1-(3-methylbutylcarbamoyl) butylcarbamoyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate, inhibitor of cysteine proteases), pepstatin (CAS #26305-03-3, inhibitor of aspartic proteases), ABSF (4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, hydrophilic serine protease inhibitor) or PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, inhibitor of serine and cysteine proteases) showed minimal to moderate effects on parasite invasion (2-38% inhibition, Table 2) and growth (9-47%, Table 2). However, TLCK (N-α-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, irreversible serine protease inhibitor) and TPCK (tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone, irreversible inhibitor of chymotrypsin) demonstrated more pronounced effects on both B. divergens invasion (Table 2) and growth (FIG. 11A) at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM. Inhibition of invasion using TPCK was approximately 65%, and after 72 h parasitemia was decreased by 86%, compared to control wells (FIG. 11A). For a second serine protease inhibitor, TLCK, and approximate 60% inhibition of invasion was seen relative to invasion in the absence of TLCK and this inhibition was increased after 72 h to a growth inhibition of approximately 90% (FIG. 11B). Inhibitor effects of these inhibitors were significant for the in vitro invasion and growth of B. divergens at concentrations at both 50 and 100 μM (P<0.05) as compared to the parasite growth in the presence of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide).

A striking observation in the TPCK and TLCK treated cultures was a large number of extracellular merozoites seen around the host RBCs, on examination by microscopy in the cultures of B. divergens (FIGS. 11D and 11E) which are the parasites that did not successfully mediate invasion. Although TPCK and TLCK significantly suppressed parasitemia during the invasion and growth inhibition assay, there was no alteration in the morphology of the parasites and these inhibitors did not destroy the parasites. 3,4 DCI (irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases) used at 50 and 100 μM, led to 40% inhibition of invasion and 76% on growth compared to control (FIG. 11A). The parasitemia of the samples containing DMSO (negative control) showed no significant difference from the control culture (wild type without DMSO control).

Thus, using a wide variety of relatively broad-spectrum protease inhibitors on the invasion and growth of B. divergens in culture, of the different categories of inhibitors, those specific for serine proteases had the greatest impact on both the invasion and growth of B. divergens.

TABLE 2 Inhibitory effect of protease inhibitors on B. divergens erythrocyte invasion and growth. Invasion Growth Inhibitor T10 50 μM T10 100 μM T72 50 μM T72 100 μM Antipain 33.0 ± 6.5  37.7 ± 14.1 15.0 ± 8.4 16.0 ± 8.5 E64  9.0 ± 9.0 33.0 ± 4.7  3.5 ± 3.0 21.7 ± 6.5 ABSF  3.3 ± 6.8 34.0 ± 9.0  8.8 ± 7.4 28.0 ± 5.0 PMSF 28.0 ± 8.9  35.0 ± 18.0 45.0 ± 5.2 46.7 ± 3.3 Pepstatin 17.0 ± 6.4  2.0 ± 0.8  9.1 ± 3.1 16.0 ± 9.2 TPCK 64.0 ± 3.1 66.0 ± 1.2 89.0 ± 2.9 93.0 ± 2.6 TLCK 64.0 ± 3.1 60.0 ± 2.0 92.1 ± 3.0 94.1 ± 0.9 3,4 DCI 38.0 ± 2.0 43.0 ± 1.2 70.7 ± 1.4 76.0 ± 2.3 1 mM 3 mM 1 mM 3 mM EGTA 48.0 ± 3.1 52.0 ± 2.6 82.0 ± 0.4 83.0 ± 0.5

Example 3 Effect of Calcium on B. divergens Invasion and Growth

Through the use of chelating agents, it has been shown that extracellular calcium is indispensable to the intra-erythrocytic life cycle of P. falciparum. The attachment and invasion by P. knowlesi was greatly reduced in the presence of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or EGTA (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid). In Babesia cabali, calcium also inhibits erythrocyte invasion.

The effects of EGTA, a chelating agent capable of binding metal ions including Ca²⁺, on the invasion and growth of B. divergens was tested. EGTA cannot permeate the biological membrane of cells so its effects are only on the chelation of extracellular ions. As many serine proteases require Ca²⁺ for activity, EGTA also functions as a serine protease inhibitor. Inhibitor effects of EGTA were found to be significant for the in vitro invasion (Table 2) and growth (FIG. 11B) of B. divergens at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 mM (P<0.05) as compared to the controls. Using light microscopy, a high percentage of extracellular merozoites were detected on smears of parasites cultured in the presence of all concentrations of EGTA (FIG. 11F). This inhibition of invasion and growth by EGTA was completely reversed by the addition of Ca²⁺ in the same concentration as EGTA. No difference in invasion or growth pattern was detected between the culture containing different concentrations of Ca²⁺ without EGTA and the control culture. The percentage of inhibition on invasion by EGTA was 50% (Table 2). The effect of EGTA on growth of the parasite, measured after 72 h was 83% lower than the control parasite (FIG. 11B). Thus, Ca²⁺ is essential for both invasion and growth of B. divergens.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Furthermore, numerous references have been made to patents and printed publications throughout this specification. Each of the above-cited references and printed publications are individually incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described. 

1. A method of treating a mammal infected with a Babesia sp., the method comprising: inhibiting the production or activity of a protein comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1; and treating the infection with the Babesia sp. in the mammal.
 2. The method of 1, wherein the mammal is treated with an antibody that specifically binds to said protein.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammal is treated with at least one protease inhibitor that inhibits the activity of said protein.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammal is treated with a nucleic acid which inhibits the production of said protein.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said nucleic acid is an aptamer, an antisense molecule, a ribozyme, or an RNAi molecule that specifically inhibits production of the protein by the Babesia sp. 